Overdose deaths and HIV infections among people who use drugs: shared determinants and integrated responses

Both overdose deaths and HIV infections are concentrated among people who use drugs who are most intensely exposed to discrimination, criminalization, poverty, and houselessness, and who have least access to harm reduction and treatment services when required. Interventions that effectively reduce risks for overdose death and HIV infection take an equity-oriented approach, empower people who use drugs, and create safe(r) environments for drug use.